你肯定没见过的SPT分析
[quote]I was abit bored, so i did this quick guide on STP.I think i am addicted to this forum...heheh
Anyways, I hope you will find it useful.
Please be patient for the picture to load!!
[attach]5455[/attach]
[/quote] And here is one on STP covers most of the stuff
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STP
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1.Main function to remove switching loops,broadcast storms caused due to arp requests
2.802.1d
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BPDU
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1.Bridge Protocol data unit
2.Used to share STP info
3.Multicats on LAN
4.Used to learn topology
5.If loops are found switch will disable them
6.Sent every 2 secs
7.Contains bridge ID:2 byte priority+6byte MAC address
8.Default priority 32768.Can vary from 0-65535
9.BPDU sent initially contains following
--Root bridge ID.Initially every switch thinks it is the root
-- Cost to reach the root.Initially this will be zero.Cost from 0-65535
--Senders Bridge ID
10.Bridges save a copy of only the best BPDU seen on every port.
11.When making this evaluation, it considers all of the BPDUs received on the port, as well as the BPDU that would be sent on that port.
12.As every BPDU arrives, it is checked against this four-step sequence to see if it is more attractive (lower in value) than the existing BPDU saved for that port.
13.Only the lowest value BPDU is saved.
14.Bridges send configuration BPDUs until a more attractive BPDU is received.
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STP process
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STP Convergence
Step 1 Elect one Root Bridge
Step 2 Elect Root Ports
Step 3 Elect Designated Ports
Step 1.Electing the root bridge
1.Each bridge sends BPDU claiming itself to be root,with cost 0 and its own bridge id
2.BPDU message used to identify root,its BID and cost is called Hello BPDU
3.If root hears a BPDU with lower BID (either priority or MAC) than itself,stops advertising itself and starts forwarding Hello BPDUs of that swutch
4. Different roots and STP instance for each VLAN
3.You can modify the path cost by modifying the cost of a port.
Switch(config-if)# spanning-tree cost value
Four-Step decision Sequence
Step 1 - Lowest BID
Step 2 - Lowest Path Cost to Root Bridge
Step 3 - Lowest Sender BID
Step 4 - Lowest Port ID
Step 2:
1.Elect root port:Port with lowest cost to reach root bridge.
2.Port cost value inverse of bandwidth
3.Port cost values
10 Mpbs -100
100 Mbps-19
1Gbps-4
10Gbps-2
4.Port also has priority assigned.Default is 32.Lower priority preferred
5.Path cost calculated as follows.Root adv BPDU with 0 cost.When other bridge receives it it increments the cost with the cost of the port on which the BPDU enters the bridge.
6.Advertises updated BPDU with its cost added
7.Remember that path costs are incremented as a BPDU comes into a port, not
when a BPDU is advertised out of a port
*******Steps to choose root port*******
1.Choose the path with the lowest accumulated path cost to the root if there is
a choice between two or more paths to reach the root.
2. If there is a tie between port priorities, choose the neighboring switch (that
your switch would go through to reach the root) with the lowest switch ID value.
3. If you have multiple paths, and they all go through the same neighboring switch,
choose the port with the lowest priority value.
4. If the priority values are the same between the ports, choose the physically
lowest-numbered port on the switch (on a 1900, that would be Ethernet 0/1).
Step3.Elect designated port
Besides each switch having a root port, each segment also has a single port that is uses to reach the root. This port is called a designated port.
1.The connected switch on the segment with the lowest accumulated path cost
to the root bridge will be used.
2. If there is a tie in accumulated path costs between two switches, then the
switch with the lowest switch ID will be chosen.
3. If it happens that it is the same switch, but with two separate connections
to the LAN segment, the switch port with the lowest priority is chosen.
4. If there is still a tie (the priorities of the ports on this switch are the same),
then the physically lowest numbered port on the switch is chosen
5.every active port on the root switch is a designated port.
**********Port states in STP**********
¦Blocked
¦ Listening
¦ Learning
¦ Forwarding
¦ Disabled
********Blocking**********
Ports will go into blocking under the foll conditions
1.During election of root switch
2.If a BPDU with better cost is heard on a port than current existing one being used
3.If its not a root or designated port
Will remain in blocking state for 20 secs called MAx age seconds.Listens for BPDUs,but does not process any user data.
********Listening*********
After 20 secs of being in blocked state port transitions to listening state
In listening state port is listening to BPDUs to learn new topology but does not process user traffic.This last for 15 secs called forward delay time.
**********************Learning*****************
In this state user data is not forwarded, but MAC addresses are learned from any traffic that is seen.
The learning state lasts for 15 seconds and is also called the forward delay.
BPDUs are still processed.
************Forwarding**********
1.Ports process BPDU
2.Learn MAc addresses
3.Forward user traffic
***********Disabled********
Port not participating in STP
Total time for STP to converge is 20+15+15=50 secs
[b]Step 1.Elect Root Bridge:
[/b]Check the priority forst.Since priorities are not given default priority assumed.Hence lowest MAC address will become root bridge.That is Switch C.All ports on Switch C will be designated ports hence forwarding
[b]
Step 2.Elect Root ports[/b]
For Switch A the root port will be port connecting Switch D since it has the lowest path cost that is 8 (4+4) to the root
For Switch B:Direst connection to switch C with path cost 4
For switch D:Direct connection to switch C
[b]Step 3:Designated ports[/b]
For LAN segment between
Switch A -Switch B=Switch Bport will be designated port since its port on the LAN has lowest path cost to root i.e 4 as compared to Switch A i.e 19.Hence switch A port will be blocking
Switch B-Switch D=Both ports of Switch D and Switch B have same path cost 4.But Switch D has lower mac hence its port will be designated port with path cost 4.Switch B port will be blocking
Switch A-SwitchC=Switch C port will be designated port hence Switch A port is blocking
------------------------------------------------
RSTP-Rapid Spanning Tree protocol
__________________________________
1.802.1w spec
2.additional port roles
--alternate port
-- backup port
3.New port role of discarding state instead of blocking
4.Faster covergence
*********RSTP link types********
1.Point to point:between 2 switches.Improves convergence on full duplex
2.Link type shared:Typically when a hub is connected to a switch and the PCs are connected to hub.RSTP does not do anything for such links
3.Edge type:When pc is connected to switch port directly:places in forwarding state from blocking immediately
*********Port states********
1.Listening
2.Learning
3.Forwarding.
4.Discarding
5.Disabled
**********RSTP process*********
1.Does not wait for max age secs.Instead it considers root dead if no info recd for 3 times hello time
2.Similar to Cisco Backbone Fast feature it acceps inferior BPDUs.
3.If link between Sw A and SwB fails then Switch B gets inferior BPDUs.IN three times hello interval it informs switch C to set to root port.
4.Edge ports are transitioned to foirwarding from discarding.Similar to port fast
5.RSTP removes the need for listening state and reduces the time required for learning state by
actively discovering the network’s new state.
6.STP passively waits on new BPDUs, and reacts
to them, during the listening and learning states.
7.With RSTP, the switches negotiate with neighboring switches.
8.When ports that can be transitioned immediately to forwarding state
are discovered, they are transitioned immediately.
***********Optional STP features**************
1.Etherchannel:Allows from 2 to max 8 links between 2 switches to be viewed as a single logical interface.STP will not converge if one of them goes down.
2.Etherchannel config:Interface sub command :channel-group <channel-group no> mode <auto,on,desirable>
3.Show cmds:show etherchannel <group no> <brief|detail|port|portchannel|summary>:Diplays logical interface as port channel eg Po1 for channel group 1
2.Portfast:Access port transitioned to forwarding immediately
*************Spanning tree configuration************
1.(config)#spanning-tree vlan <id> root:Changes switch to root for that vlan.Set its priority to Courrent root port priority-100 or 24,576 less
2.(config)#spanning-tree vlan <id> priority <value>:Changes priority of switch for this vlan from default 32768 to value specified
3.(config-if)#spanning-tree cost <value>:Set value of port cost
***********Show commands**********
1.show spanning-tree:shows details of STP including port states
2.show spanning-tree vlan <no>:Show STP details for that vlan
3.show spanning-tree <interface> <value>:shows details for particular port
4.debug spanning-tree:provides info on messages on STP
[[i] 本帖最后由 thinkpid 于 2007-10-24 11:20 编辑 [/i]] 我日,写反.
STP!!!
我说怎么看着老别扭!!! 非常有用，谢谢楼主 x34 x34 x34
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